HIV FACTS

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is transmitted only by the exchange of blood, semen, vaginal fluids or breast milk. This can happen through unprotected sex or by sharing "works" for injection drug use.

Abstinence: The best way to prevent HIV infection is to not have sex, and not use needles to inject substances.

For those who choose to engage in sexual activities or use intravenous drugs, the risk of transmission can be greatly reduced. For sex, always use a latex condom, gloves, or a dental dam - a water based lubricant can be used to reduce friction. Having safer sex is also very important for reducing the risk of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). STIs can increase the risk of HIV transmission by disrupting the mucosal lining of the genital tract, making it easier for HIV to infect cells.

Safer-Sex Tips

• Kissing, hugging, mutual masturbation (ejaculation only on unbroken skin) are safe activities.
• For anal or vaginal sex, use a latex condom with a water-based lubricant.
• Make sure the condom has a reservoir at the end and is rolled down completely to the base of the penis.
• During sex, men can pull out and avoid ejaculating inside their partner, even when using a condom. If you do come inside your partner, hold the condom during withdrawal to keep the semen from spilling out.
• If a condom breaks during sex, immediately replace it with a new one.
• Avoid oral sex if you or your partner have open cuts or sores in your mouth, on your genitals, or an active STI. Avoid brushing or flossing prior to oral sex if you have problems with bleeding gums.
• For oral sex with a man, you can reduce your risk by avoiding taking semen in your mouth. A condom is recommended (non-lubricated and/or flavored).
• For oral-vaginal sex, avoid menstrual blood. Use a dental dam or a non-lubricated condom cut in half and stretched over the vulva.
• Rimming, or oral-anal contact, is low risk for HIV transmission but high risk for parasites and hepatitis. Use a dental dam or condom cut in half lengthwise.
• Use a fresh condom with sex toys. Clean toys with soap and water after every use.

Harm Reduction

• Don't share needles: use a fresh, disposable syringe each time.
• If a fresh needle is not available, clean the works with bleach and water.
• Avoid heavy use of alcohol or other drugs that impair your judgment in sexual situations.
• It's easy to slip. Consider counseling or a support group to help you stay safe and keep negotiating harm reduction every day.

VT CARES Homepage

www.vtcares.org